|
Welfare is the provision of a minimal level of well-being and social support for all citizens, sometimes referred to as ''public aid''. In most developed countries welfare is largely provided by the government, and to a lesser extent, charities, informal social groups, religious groups, and inter-governmental organizations. The ''welfare state'' expands on this concept to include services such as universal healthcare and unemployment insurance. ==History== In the Roman Empire, the first emperor Augustus provided the 'congiaria' or grain dole for citizens who could not afford to buy food every month. Social welfare was enlarged by the Emperor Trajan.〔(Britannica.com )〕 Trajan's program brought acclaim from many, including Pliny the Younger.〔(PBS.org )〕 The Song dynasty government (c.1000AD in China) supported multiple programs which could be classified as social welfare, including the establishment of retirement homes, public clinics, and paupers' graveyards. According to Robert Henry Nelson, "The medieval Roman Catholic Church operated a far-reaching and comprehensive welfare system for the poor..."〔Robert Henry Nelson (2001). "''(Economics as religión: from Samuelson to Chicago and beyond )''". Penn State Press. p.103. ISBN 0-271-02095-4〕〔"(Chapter1: Charity and Welfare )", the American Academy of Research Historians of Medieval Spain.〕 Early welfare programs in Europe included the English Poor Law of 1601, which gave parishes the responsibility for providing welfare payments to the poor.〔(The Poor Laws of England ) at EH.Net〕 This system was substantially modified by the 19th-century Poor Law Amendment Act, which introduced the system of workhouses. It was predominantly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that an organized system of state welfare provision was introduced in many countries. Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor of Germany, introduced one of the first welfare systems for the working classes. In Great Britain the Liberal government of Henry Campbell-Bannerman and David Lloyd George introduced the National Insurance system in 1911,〔(Liberal Reforms ) at BBC Bitesize〕 a system later expanded by Clement Attlee. The United States inherited England's poor house laws and has had a form of welfare since before it won its independence. During the Great Depression, when emergency relief measures were introduced under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Roosevelt's New Deal focused predominantly on a program of providing work and stimulating the economy through public spending on projects, rather than on cash payment. In the Islamic world, ''Zakat'' (charity), one of the Five Pillars of Islam, has been collected by the government since the time of the Rashidun caliph Umar in the 7th century. The taxes were used to provide income for the needy, including the poor, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled. According to the Islamic jurist Al-Ghazali (Algazel, 1058–1111), the government was also expected to store up food supplies in every region in case a disaster or famine occurred.〔 (see (online ))〕 (See Bayt al-mal for further information.) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Welfare」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|